Browse 496 peptide and related-compound study records by research topic. Each link opens a separate record describing the study question, reported findings, and important limits.
These are educational summaries of varied research, not treatment recommendations. Source access and review depth differ between records; read each page's scope and limitations. Listing a study does not establish clinical benefit, product equivalence, or suitability for personal use.
Return to the study library for its overview, or use the evidence guides for help interpreting research.
Tissue and Barrier Research
- ARA-290 After Spared Nerve Injury: Behavior and Microglia Are Different Evidence Layers
- ARA-290 and CD131 Knockout Mice: Dependence Is Not Direct Binding
- ARA-290 and Doxorubicin-Induced Cell Damage
- ARA-290 and Early Injury After Experimental Kidney Transplantation
- ARA-290 and Secondary Burn-Wound Progression in Mice
- ARA-290 and the Beta-Common Receptor in Experimental Stroke
- ARA-290 Before Cisplatin Exposure in Cell Cultures
- ARA-290 in Aging Rats: Health Measures Improved Without a Significant Survival Difference
- ARA-290 in Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis
- ARA-290 in Neuritis: Mechanical and Heat Responses Did Not Match
- ARA-290 in Sarcoidosis-Associated Small-Fiber Neuropathy
- ARA-290 With Endothelial Colony-Forming Cell Transplantation
- ARA-290, Allodynia, and Spinal Microglia After Nerve Injury
- ARA-290, EPOR Signaling, and Cell Clearance in Experimental Colitis
- ARA-290's Sarcoidosis Pilot: Symptoms Are Not One Outcome
- BPC-157 After Corneal Perforation: Leakage, Transparency, and Vessels
- BPC-157 and Achilles Reattachment: A Rat Interface-Healing Experiment
- BPC-157 and Corneal Epithelial Closure: Surface Repair Is Not Visual Acuity
- BPC-157 and Corticosteroid-Impaired Muscle Healing: An Interaction Model
- BPC-157 and Experimental Rectovaginal Fistula Healing
- BPC-157 and Gastric-Drug Comparators in a Fistula Model
- BPC-157 and Growth-Hormone Receptors in Rat Tendon Cells
- BPC-157 and Nitric-Oxide-System Testing in Colocutaneous Fistulas
- BPC-157 and Quadriceps Detachment: Multiple Measurements, One Injury Model
- BPC-157 and Sciatic Nerve Repair: Anatomy, Electrical Signals, and Walking
- BPC-157 and VEGFR2: A Multi-Model Angiogenesis Experiment
- BPC-157 and Vessel Tone: An Isolated Aorta Is Not a Blood-Pressure Trial
- BPC-157 Angiogenesis in Healing Tissue: The Culture and Animal Results Differed
- BPC-157 at the Muscle–Tendon Junction: An Interface Has Its Own Endpoints
- BPC-157 Cream and Burn Healing During Corticosteroid Exposure
- BPC-157 Early Achilles Recovery: Function Before Mature Repair
- BPC-157 in a Rabbit Bone Defect: Bridging Is Not a Human Fracture Trial
- BPC-157 in a Rat Esophagocutaneous Fistula Model
- BPC-157 in a Rat Ligament Model: Injury and Tissue Specificity
- BPC-157 in a Rat Spinal Compression Model: Tail Function Defines the Claim
- BPC-157 in Duodenocolic Fistulas: Vascular and Healing Outcomes
- BPC-157 Tendon Fibroblasts: Migration Was Not the Same as Proliferation
- BPC-157's 2003 Achilles Paper: Mechanical and Cell Experiments
- Cibinetide and human islets: human tissue is not a human trial
- Cibinetide in Experimental Islet Allotransplantation
- Copper Peptide and Red Light in Fibroblasts: A Combination Is Not Automatically Synergistic
- Copper Retention in Excised Skin: Elemental Analysis Does Not Identify Every Chemical Species
- Copper Tripeptide and Growth-Factor Release in Keloid Cells
- Copper Tripeptide Versus Zinc Oxide in Rabbit Wounds
- Copper-Binding GHK–Hyaluronan Conjugates: New Molecules, Not a Simple Mixture
- Copper-Free GHK as a Co-Former in Drug Formulation Research
- Copper-GHK, Integrins, and Keratinocyte Proliferation
- Copper-Peptide Transport Through a Model Barrier: Liposomes as the Membrane
- Copper-Selective Fluorescence: What It Can Tell Us About GHK-Cu
- DCM-KPV Fluorescent Imaging: Detecting a Signal Is Not Validating a Diagnosis
- Delayed BPC-157 in a Fistula Model: Preventing Stones Is Not Dissolving Them
- Erythropoietin-Derived Helix-B Peptides: Separating Tissue Protection from Erythropoiesis
- GHK and Proline-Containing Analogues in an Animal Conflict Test
- GHK and the Emphysema Gene-Expression Study
- GHK Copper Complexes and Synthetic Analogues: Stability Belongs to the Tested Molecule
- GHK in Bleomycin Lung Fibrosis: Keep the Reported Peptide Identity
- GHK Reactivity With HNE: A Chemical Comparison With Carnosine
- GHK-C16 Nanofibers in a Light-Crosslinked Hydrogel: A Composite Wound Material
- GHK-Cu After ACL Reconstruction: A Transient Rat-Model Result
- GHK-Cu and Glycosaminoglycans: A Biphasic Cell Response
- GHK-Cu and MMP-2: Remodeling Signals Are Not Simply Collagen Gain
- GHK-Cu and PRDX6 in Experimental Silicosis: A Target Hypothesis
- GHK-Cu and Smoke-Related Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction
- GHK-Cu in a Cigarette-Smoke Emphysema Model
- GHK-Cu in a Model Membrane: pH Changed the Transport Experiment
- GHK-Cu in a Self-Healing Hydrogel: The Dressing Was the Intervention
- GHK-Cu in Bleomycin Lung Injury: Fibrosis Markers and Treatment Timing
- GHK-Cu in Experimental Colitis: Docking, Knockdown, and Mechanistic Boundaries
- GHK-Cu in Experimental Lung Injury: Endotoxin Is Not a Live Infection
- GHK-Cu in Irradiated Rat Wounds: A Neutral Study
- GHK-Cu in Rat Wound Chambers: Accumulation Is Not Functional Repair
- GHK-Cu in Zebrafish Inflammation Models: Cell Recruitment and Injury Context
- GHK-Cu Skin Care After CO2 Laser Resurfacing
- GHK-Cu With Hyaluronic Acid: Cell Transcripts and Skin Protein Signals Are Different Outcomes
- GHK-Cu's 1988 Collagen Study: Synthesis Is Not Skin Rejuvenation
- GHK–Copper and Wound Proteoglycans: Not Every Matrix Component Moves Together
- GHK–Copper in C. elegans: Worm Lifespan Is Not Human Longevity
- GHK–Copper in Crystals and Solution: Why Structure Depends on Context
- GHK–Copper in Guinea-Pig Wounds: More Collagen Was Not Simply Faster Repair
- GHK–Copper on Hydroxyapatite: A Formulation Study, Not a Human Filler Trial
- GHK, GHK-Cu, and Copper in IGF-2-Stimulated Fibroblasts
- GHK, Histidine, and Albumin: Copper Competition Is Condition-Dependent
- HBSP and Rabbit Atherosclerosis: Plaque Measurements Are Not Clinical Events
- Helix-B Peptide After Experimental Heart Attack: Timing Changed the Result
- KP-D-Val in Dermal Fibroblasts: Do Not Collapse Stereochemistry Into KPV
- KPV and FK506 Nanoparticles: A Combination Result Is Not a KPV-Only Result
- KPV in Two Colitis Models: Partial Receptor Independence Is a Narrow Claim
- KPV Nanoparticles in Colitis: The Carrier Is Part of the Intervention
- KPV-Targeted Cyclosporine Nanoparticles: A Multicomponent Intervention
- KPV, PepT1, and Experimental Intestinal Inflammation
- KPV's Self-Cross-Linked Hydrogel: Stability and Rat Colitis Findings
- Liposomal GHK-Cu: Encapsulation and Enzyme Assays Do Not Establish Skin Efficacy
- Long-Term HBSP After Infarction: Survival and Remodeling Need Separate Reading
- Measuring GHK Copper Affinity: Why the Competitor and Buffer Matter
- Measuring GHK-Cu in Liposomes: Separation Before Elemental Detection
- Microneedle-Assisted Copper-Peptide Delivery: Permeation Is Not Clinical Regeneration
- pHBSP After Hemorrhagic Shock: Organ Markers and Blood Pressure Diverged
- pHBSP After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats
- pHBSP and Endothelial Repair Under Low-Oxygen Conditions
- pHBSP and Metabolism: PPAR-Gamma Results Depended on Cell Type
- pHBSP in Brain Injury With Shock: Motor Recovery Was Not a Memory Result
- Plasma Thymosin Beta-4 After Cell Therapy: A Biomarker Study, Not a Peptide Trial
- Recombinant Thymosin Beta-4 After STEMI: Keep the Neutral Overall Result
- Recombinant Thymosin Beta-4 NL005: Product-Specific Early Human Evidence
- RGN-259 in Neurotrophic Keratopathy: Healing Proportions and Time Points
- Synthetic Thymosin Beta-4 in Healthy Volunteers: Phase 1 Is Not a Heart-Recovery Trial
- Tandem Thymosin Beta-4: An Engineered Molecule Requires Its Own Evidence
- Thymosin Beta-4 After Corneal Alkali Injury: Closure and Inflammation Are Separate Outcomes
- Thymosin Beta-4 and a Seven-Residue Fragment: Model and Molecule Both Matter
- Thymosin Beta-4 and Hair-Follicle Cell Migration
- Thymosin Beta-4 and Mouse Hair Growth: Gene Models Are Not Topical Trials
- Thymosin Beta-4 and the Organization of Developing Skin
- Thymosin Beta-4 Compassionate Use: Defect Pattern Changed the Observed Response
- Thymosin Beta-4 Deficiency, Platelets, and Thrombus Formation
- Thymosin Beta-4 Gene Knock-In and Cashmere Production
- Thymosin Beta-4 in Cashmere-Goat Dermal Papilla Cells
- Thymosin Beta-4 in Diabetic Burn Wounds: A RAGE Association Needs Causal Testing
- Thymosin Beta-4 in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice: More Regenerating Fibers, Not More Strength
- Thymosin Beta-4 Knockout and Conflicting Vascular-Development Findings
- Thymosin Beta-4 Severe Dry-Eye Pilot: Nine Patients, Eighteen Eyes
- Thymosin Beta-4 With Ciprofloxacin: Adjunctive Repair Is Not Antibiotic Replacement
- Topical GHK–Copper in Ischemic Rat Wounds: The Vehicle Comparison Matters
- Torilis japonica Extract Plus GHK-Cu in Keratinocyte Research
- Tripeptide Copper Complex in Rabbit Wounds: Identity Comes First
Metabolic Research
- 5-Amino-1-MQ in HeLa Cells: Reading the Molecular Results
- 5-Amino-1MQ in the 2024 Diet-Induced Obesity Mouse Study
- An Expanded SURPASS-CVOT Composite Does Not Rewrite the Original Endpoint
- AOD-9604 and Hyaluronic Acid in a Rabbit Knee Model
- AOD-9604 in Knockout Mice: Acute and Chronic Results Differed
- Cagrilintide With Renal or Hepatic Impairment: Single-Dose Exposure Is a Bounded Question
- Claims-Based Tirzepatide Comparisons: Trial Emulation Is Not Randomization
- Early 5-Amino-1MQ Research: Permeability, Selectivity, and Mouse Findings
- Early Cagrilintide–Semaglutide Trial: The Placebo Group Still Received Semaglutide
- NNMT in Bladder-Cancer Stroma: Where 5-Amino-1-MQ Fits
- REDEFINE 1: CagriSema in Adults Without Diabetes
- REDEFINE 2: CagriSema and Type 2 Diabetes
- REDEFINE 5: An Active Comparison in Japan and Taiwan
- Retatrutide's Phase 2 Diabetes Trial: Two Comparators, Several Groups
- SLU-PP-332 Analogues: What Chemical Optimization Means
- SLU-PP-332 and Aging Kidneys: Observation Versus Intervention
- SLU-PP-332 and ERR-Dependent Exercise Responses in Mice
- SLU-PP-332 and SLU-PP-915 in Experimental Heart Failure
- SLU-PP-332 Metabolism in a Human Liver Laboratory System
- SLU-PP-332 Metabolism Study: Fat Gain and Body Weight Are Different
- STEER: A Semaglutide–Tirzepatide Association in People Without Diabetes
- SUMMIT Cardiac MRI: Paired Scans and Structural Change
- SUMMIT Mechanisms: Estimated Blood Volume Is Not Direct Proof of Causation
- SUMMIT: A Heart-Failure Composite Is Not a Mortality Result Alone
- SURMOUNT-1 DXA: Lean Mass Is Not a Direct Muscle-Function Test
- SURMOUNT-1's Prediabetes Follow-Up: Delayed Diabetes Is a Time-Bounded Finding
- SURMOUNT-2: Weight Management in Participants Who Already Had Diabetes
- SURMOUNT-3: Additional Weight Change After a Successful Lifestyle Run-In
- SURMOUNT-4: Reading a Tirzepatide Withdrawal Trial
- SURMOUNT-5: A Direct Tirzepatide–Semaglutide Comparison
- SURMOUNT-MAINTAIN: Continuation, Dose Reduction, and Rescue Treatment
- SURPASS-1: Tirzepatide Monotherapy and Publication Updates
- SURPASS-2: Tirzepatide, Semaglutide, and the Comparator Question
- SURPASS-3 CGM: Defining Time in a Tight Glucose Range
- SURPASS-3 MRI: Liver Fat Is Not a Fibrosis Measurement
- SURPASS-3: Tirzepatide Compared with Insulin Degludec
- SURPASS-4 Kidney Analysis: What the Composite Includes
- SURPASS-4: Glucose Control Is Not Cardiovascular Superiority
- SURPASS-5: What Placebo Means in an Add-On Trial
- SURPASS-6: Event Rates Versus the Number of People Affected
- SURPASS-AP-Combo: Reading a Regional Trial Precisely
- SURPASS-CVOT: Why Noninferiority Is Not Superiority
- SYNERGY-NASH Screening: Recruitment Yield Is Not Drug Efficacy
- SYNERGY-NASH: Histologic Resolution, Fibrosis, and Missing Biopsies
- Tirzepatide Ambulatory Blood Pressure: Around-the-Clock Measurement and Mediation
Growth Hormone and IGF Research
- Acute Hexarelin Responses During Coronary Bypass Surgery
- An Open-Label Growth-Hormone Fibromyalgia Pilot: Randomization Did Not Provide Blinding
- Capromorelin in Older Adults: Lean Mass, Selected Function Tests, and Early Termination
- Central IGF signaling and growth-hormone pulses
- Dietary Long R3 IGF-I and newborn intestinal development
- Frailty and the IGF-1 Response to Growth Hormone After Surgery
- GH, Exercise, and Muscle Biopsies in Frail Older Adults: The Substudy Boundary
- Growth Hormone After Hip Fracture: A Tissue-Preservation Pilot, Not a Recovery Guarantee
- Growth Hormone After Hip Fracture: The Overall Result and an Exploratory Age Subgroup
- Growth Hormone After Severe Pediatric Burns: Follow-Up After Treatment Ends
- Growth Hormone After Strength Training: Separating Run-In Gains from Treatment Effects
- Growth Hormone and Glutamine in Short Bowel: The Post-Treatment Absorption Result Was Negative
- Growth Hormone and Intestinal Transport in Rabbits: Capacity Is Not Affinity
- Growth Hormone and Myosin Isoforms: Molecular Change Without Added Strength
- Growth Hormone and Protein Kinetics: Within-Group Significance Was Not a Between-Treatment Difference
- Growth Hormone and Skin-Graft Donor Sites in Burned Children
- Growth Hormone and Testosterone in Older Men: The Outcome Pattern Was Mixed
- Growth Hormone in Critical Illness: Mortality Overrode the Anabolic Rationale
- Growth Hormone in Healthy Older Men: Composition, Function, and Side Effects
- Growth Hormone in Low-IGF-1 Fibromyalgia: A Selected Cohort and a Safety Signal
- Growth Hormone in Recreational Athletes: Water, Sprint Capacity, and Washout
- Growth Hormone Plus Sex Steroids: What the Factorial Trial Can Attribute
- Growth Hormone, Cognition, and the 1998 Deficiency Trial
- Growth Hormone, Glutamine, and Diet in Short-Bowel Syndrome: The Support-Reduction Endpoint
- Growth Hormone, Glutamine, and Diet: Electrolyte Changes Did Not Establish Broad Intestinal Adaptation
- Hexarelin in Cardiomyopathy: Different Disease Groups, Shared Historical Comparators
- Hexarelin Over 16 Weeks: Attenuation and Recovery of GH Response
- Hexarelin's Route-Comparison Study: Hormone Response Is Not Absorption
- Ibutamoren After Hip Fracture: A Heart-Failure Signal Stopped the Trial
- Identifying IGF-I analogues: parent peptide, oxidation and fragments
- IGF binding proteins and growth-hormone responses in cultured cells
- IGF-1 LR3 in Food-Restricted Rats: Weight Is Not Muscle Preservation
- IGFBP-3 in myogenic cells: proliferation is not differentiation
- Ipamorelin and Adiposity in Mice: A Secretagogue Did Not Simply Mimic Growth Hormone
- Ipamorelin and Bone Mineral Content: Bigger Bones Were Not Denser Bones
- Ipamorelin and Longitudinal Bone Growth: Circulating IGF-I Did Not Track Every Response
- Ipamorelin Pretreatment and Pituitary Cultures: Cell Content Is Not Secretion
- Ipamorelin's 1998 Selectivity Paper: What the Animal Tests Showed
- Ipamorelin's Human PK/PD Study: Drug Exposure Is Not Clinical Benefit
- Lean-Mass Gain With Edema: A Short-Bowel Growth-Hormone Study
- Long R3 IGF-I in cachexia: muscle and tumor outcomes diverged
- Long-R3-IGF-I and Glucose-Analogue Uptake: The Denominator Changed the Conclusion
- Long-R3-IGF-I and Intestinal Proliferation: Labeling and Tissue Expansion Need Separate Interpretation
- Long-R3-IGF-I and Lactation: Receptor Activity Did Not Reproduce Growth Hormone's Effect
- Short-Term Hexarelin Studies: Why Route and Duration Stay Attached
- Tesamorelin and HIV-Associated Cognitive Impairment: The Between-Group Result
- Tesamorelin Brain Spectroscopy: A Mechanistic Substudy, Not Independent Replication
- Tesamorelin Cognitive Pilot: Exploratory Machine Learning Did Not Establish Clinical Improvement
- Tesamorelin in 2014: Visceral Fat, Liver Fat, and Time Points
- Tesamorelin in Older Adults: Reading the Cognitive Domain Results
- Tesamorelin in Type 2 Diabetes: Interpreting a Short Safety Study
- The Earlier Ibutamoren Hip-Fracture Trial: IGF-1 Increased Without Clear Functional Benefit
Mitochondrial and NAD Research
- Delayed SS-31 After Kidney Ischemia: Persistence Is Not Drug Half-Life
- Early MMPOWER: Prespecified Comparison, Adjusted Model, and Corrections
- Early SS-31 Kidney Experiments: Pretreatment Limits Rescue Claims
- Elamipretide after noise exposure: an acute mouse hearing study
- Elamipretide and a Natural-History Comparator in Barth Syndrome
- Elamipretide During Renal-Artery Stenting: An Adjunctive Pilot
- Elamipretide in a 2026 HFpEF Rat Model: Energetics Without Function
- Elamipretide in Barth Syndrome: Randomized and Extension Results
- Elamipretide in older adults: ATP capacity and fatigue differed
- Elamipretide, NMN and protein acetylation in aging mouse hearts
- Elamipretide's Early Heart-Failure Trial: An Acute Imaging Signal
- Endurance Exercise and MOTS-c: A Trend Is Not a Confirmed Increase
- Exercise and MOTS-c After Breast Cancer: Interpreting Subgroup Responses
- Intravenous NAD+ in Ischemic Heart Failure: A Cardiac Measurement Improved, Clinical Events Remained Uncertain
- Metformin and Circulating MOTS-c in Breast Cancer: A Neutral Biomarker Analysis
- Mitochondrial Gene Expression in Fatigue: RNA Is Not MOTS-c Concentration
- MMPOWER-2: Elamipretide Walking Distance and Fatigue Were Different Findings
- MOTS-c Across Age Groups: Blood and Muscle Can Point in Different Directions
- MOTS-c After Ovarian Removal in Mice: Prevention Is Not Reversal
- MOTS-c and Bone Loss: Partial Inhibitor Reversal Does Not Establish an Exclusive Pathway
- MOTS-c and Cardiac Mitochondrial Subpopulations: Preserve the Experimental Unit
- MOTS-c and CK2: The Same Binding Target, Different Tissue Effects
- MOTS-c and Exercise: Endogenous Measurements Are Not Human Treatment
- MOTS-c and Frame Running in Cerebral Palsy: Interpreting a Modest Response
- MOTS-c and Pancreatic Islet Senescence: Mouse Intervention, Human Association
- MOTS-c and TRIM72: Membrane Trafficking Is Not the Same as Complete Repair
- MOTS-c and Vascular Calcification in Rats: Attenuation Is Not Plaque Reversal
- MOTS-c and Wear-Particle Bone Loss: An Inflammatory Osteolysis Model
- MOTS-c During a Metabolic Challenge: Acute Responses and Training Differ
- MOTS-c During Immobilization: Preventing Loss Is Not Rebuilding Lost Muscle
- MOTS-c in an Isolated Rat Heart: Functional Recovery and Docking Predictions
- MOTS-c in Children With Type 1 Diabetes: A Kidney Biomarker Hypothesis Not Confirmed
- MOTS-c in Host Defense: Direct Antibacterial Activity and Immune Programming
- MOTS-c in Marathon Runners and Trained Mice: Separate the Evidence Layers
- MOTS-c K14Q Research: Human Genetics Is Not Peptide Administration
- MOTS-c Metabolomics in Mice: A Pathway Signature Is Not a Clinical Panel
- MOTS-c, Adipose Thermogenesis, and Cold Adaptation
- MOTS-c, Muscle Mass, and Jump Performance: Association Is Not Enhancement
- MOTS-c's Discovery Paper: Mitochondrial Signaling and Mouse Metabolism
- MTP-131 and diabetic visual behavior: vision did not track glucose
- NAD+ After Cardiac Arrest: Cardiac and Neurological Rat Outcomes
- NAD+ and Lung Injury After Resuscitation in Swine
- NAD+ in Older Heart-Failure Patients: A Small Controlled Study
- PROGRESS-HF: Elamipretide's Four-Week Null Imaging Result
- ReCLAIM-2: Elamipretide's Primary and Imaging Outcomes
- ReCLAIM's Noncentral Atrophy Cohort: Exploratory Vision Changes Without a Control Arm
- SS-31 After Experimental Burns: ATP Production Is Not an ATP Pool
- SS-31 After Radiation in Cardiac Cells: Less Senescence Signaling Is Not Proven Senolysis
- SS-31 and Cardiolipin: Connecting a Binding Experiment to Kidney Injury
- SS-31 and Diet-Related Kidney Injury: Organ Effects Without Weight Loss
- SS-31 and liver mitochondrial measurements in diabetic mice
- SS-31 and Renal No-Reflow: Restored Arterial Supply Is Not the Whole Circulation
- SS-31 and retinal barrier changes in diabetic rats
- SS-31 Before or After Limb Ischemia: Similar Results Are Not Equivalence
- SS-31 Heart Proteomics: Modification Signals Are Not Automatically Protein Abundance
- SS-31 in a tafazzin-knockdown model: function without lipid-ratio correction
- SS-31 in a Tendon Impingement Model: Removing the Cause Matters
- SS-31 in Aged Ischemic Muscle: Reading Autophagy Evidence
- SS-31 in Aged Mouse Oocytes: Early Development Is Not a Live-Birth Outcome
- SS-31 in Aged Muscle: In-Vivo Energetics and Isolated-Fiber Respiration Did Not Match
- SS-31 in Old Mouse Hearts: Diastolic Function Was Not Every Cardiac Endpoint
- SS-31 in Pressure-Overload Heart Failure: Pathway Analysis Is Not a Direct Flux Measurement
- SS-31 in Tafazzin-Deficient Mice: Mitochondrial Morphology Is Not a Genetic Cure
- SS-31 Plus Donor Mitochondria: Attributing a Combination Effect
- SS-31 Plus NMN in Aged Hearts: Resting Metabolites and Workload Responses Differed
- SS-31-modified minocycline liposomes and experimental hair-cell injury
- SS-31, autophagy and diaphragm changes during experimental ventilation
- SS-31, Burn Injury, and Cell Stress: A Hypothesis Is Not an Endpoint
- SS-31, cardiolipin and experimental stroke injury
- TAZPOWER at 168 Weeks: Long Observation Does Not Restore Randomization
Neuroscience and Sleep Research
- A DSIP Fusion Construct in a Mouse Sleep Model
- Acetylating Semax Changes Its Chemistry: An Analog Is Not Automatically Better
- DSIP and withdrawal: why the denominator matters
- DSIP Antibodies, Recognized Fragments, and Species Differences
- DSIP During CRH and Meal-Related Hormone Challenges
- DSIP in Cerebrospinal Fluid: A Group Difference Is Not a Replacement-Therapy Rationale
- DSIP in Chronic Insomnia: Why Baseline Differences Matter
- DSIP in Narcolepsy: A Single-Patient Report
- DSIP in Six Volunteers: Acute Sleep and Later Night Sleep
- DSIP, ACTH Immunoreactivity, and Cortisol in Healthy Men
- DSIP's 1986 Insomnia Report: Age and Baseline Severity Are Entangled
- Early Semax Transcriptomics: More Changed Genes Does Not Mean Better Neuroprotection
- Four Weeks of TP-7 in Rats: Persistence During Treatment Is Not Persistence After It
- PGP and PGPL After Ischemia: A Shared Fragment Did Not Reproduce Semax's Pattern
- Plasma DSIP Immunoreactivity in Sleep Apnea and Narcolepsy
- Selank and Diazepam in Rats: Stress Context Changes the Comparison
- Selank and enkephalin cleavage: identifying the measured molecule
- Selank and GABA-Related Gene Expression in Rats
- Selank and Inhibitory Synaptic Currents: No Clear Concentration Gradient
- Selank Fragments and Spleen Gene Expression: Similarity Is Not Equivalence
- Selank immune markers: expression is not secretion
- Selank in a seasonal animal model: exploration versus activity
- Selank in Alcohol Withdrawal: Symptom Measures and Drinking Behavior Separated
- Selank in Ethanol-Exposed Rats: BDNF Was Not Simply Increased
- Selank in IMR-32 Cells: The Alone and Combination Results
- Selank in Morphine Withdrawal: The Withdrawal Belonged to Morphine
- Selank in Noradrenergic Injury Models: Learning Performance Has Multiple Contributors
- Selank metabolites in gastric ulcer models
- Selank Radioligand Research: Binding Modulation Is Not Clinical Equivalence
- Selank Responses Differed Between Two Mouse Strains
- Selank Versus Tuftsin in Serotonin-Depleted Rats
- Selank, apomorphine and naloxone: behavior is not binding
- Semax After Early-Life Stress in Rats: Developmental Timing Limits Translation
- Semax After Experimental Myocardial Infarction: Remodeling and Cardiac Work Diverged
- Semax After Permanent Ischemia: A Time-Dependent Transcriptome
- Semax After Spinal-Cord Injury in Mice: From Predicted Target to Functional Tests
- Semax and a Modified Heptapeptide in an Alzheimer’s Mouse Model
- Semax and ACTH(6–9)PGP: Similar Transcriptomes Do Not Establish Interchangeability
- Semax and Calcium Signaling: Different Neurons, Different Results
- Semax and heliox after retinal detachment surgery
- Semax and lipid markers in psoriasis with metabolic syndrome
- Semax and PGP After Brain Ischemia: Immune Modulation Is Not Uniform Suppression
- Semax and PGP After Focal Ischemia: Neurotrophin Transcription Had a Timeline
- Semax and PGP Under Glutamate Stress: Cell Survival Is Not Stroke Recovery
- Semax and Resting-State fMRI: Network Maps Are Not Memory Scores
- Semax and Selank in a Parkinsonism Model: Anxiety Changed, Motor Activity Did Not
- Semax and Selank in Human Serum: Enzyme Inhibition Is Not a Clinical Trial
- Semax Binding and BDNF in the Rat Basal Forebrain
- Semax During Stroke Rehabilitation: BDNF Correlation Is Not Mediation
- Semax in Incomplete Global Ischemia: Brain Region Changed the Interpretation
- Semax in optic nerve disorders: interpreting a mixed population
- Semax in Rat Hippocampus: BDNF, TrkB, and Behavior
- Semax Protein Profiling: Brain Region and Activation State Matter
- Semax RNA-Seq After Reperfusion: What a Reversed Expression Pattern Means
- Semax, Copper, and Amyloid Aggregation: A Membrane Model Is Not Dementia Treatment
- Tracking Selank Breakdown: A Radioactive Label Is Not Always Intact Peptide
Immune Research
- Japanese Thymosin HBV Trial: The Assay Changes the Clearance Rate
- The 1998 Thymosin HBV Trial: When Response Timing Changes the Story
- Thymalfasin COVID-19 Pilot: Recovery Estimates and Post-Randomization Exclusions
- Thymalfasin in Dialysis: Why Preliminary Event Counts Are Not Final Efficacy
- Thymosin After Liver Cancer Surgery: Recurrence Timing and Recurrence Frequency
- Thymosin Alpha-1 After Liver-Cancer Surgery: What Matching Can Establish
- Thymosin Alpha-1 Alone in Hepatitis C: A Small Negative Trial
- Thymosin Alpha-1 as an Adjunct in Tuberculosis With Diabetes
- Thymosin Alpha-1 in a Retrospective Tuberculosis Treatment Cohort
- Thymosin Alpha-1 in COVID-19: Keep the Severe Subgroup Separate
- Thymosin Alpha-1 in COVID-19: Neutral T-Cell Recovery and Longer Viral Clearance
- Thymosin Alpha-1 in HBV-Related Liver Failure: Competing Analyses
- Thymosin Alpha-1 in HIV: A Thymic Marker Changed Without Higher CD4 Counts
- Thymosin Alpha-1 in Melanoma: A Response Benchmark Is Not Survival Superiority
- Thymosin and H1N1 Vaccination: Immunogenicity Is Not the Same as Infection Prevention
- Thymosin in an Influenza Mouse Combination: Why the Whole Regimen Matters
- Thymosin in HIV Immune Nonresponders: The Final CD4 Endpoint Remained Neutral
- Thymosin in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: A Retrospective Combination Signal
- Thymosin Plus Interferon in Hepatitis C: End-of-Treatment Is Not Sustained Response
- Thymosin-Alpha-1 Phase 3 Hepatitis B Trial: An Unconfirmed Benefit
- Thymosin, IL-2, and Dacarbazine: Why the Evaluable Denominator Matters
- Thymosin's 1991 Hepatitis B Pilot: Two Materials, One Small Group
- Thymosin's Pancreatitis Pilot: Biomarkers, Cultures, and a Correction
- TRACE: Thymosin-Alpha-1 Did Not Establish Infection Prevention
Reproductive and Sexual Function Research
- A Null Kisspeptin Pregnancy Study: Preserve Findings That Do Not Support the Hypothesis
- A Serum Kisspeptin-54 Assay and Pregnancy Viability
- Acute Kisspeptin and Bone Markers: Ninety Minutes Cannot Establish Fracture Prevention
- Antenatal Kisspeptin and Miscarriage Risk: Gestational Adjustment Matters
- Bremelanotide Blood Pressure Monitoring: Why Timing Matters
- Bremelanotide Responder Analysis: Clinical Meaning Depends on How the Threshold Was Defined
- Bremelanotide's Dose-Finding Trial: What Pooling Groups Means
- Bremelanotide's Open-Label Extension: Who Remained Under Observation?
- Circulating Kisspeptin in Men With Diabetes: A Biomarker Study Is Not Replacement Evidence
- Continuous Kisspeptin-10 in Three Men: A Dynamic Response Is Not a Stable Plateau
- Endogenous Kisspeptin During IVF in Women With PCOS
- FSH Pretreatment in Congenital Hormone Deficiency: A Small Randomized Sequence Trial
- Gonadotropin Fertility Outcomes in a Small Cohort: Prognosis Is Not Treatment Assignment
- hCG and Intratesticular Testosterone: A Short Mechanistic Trial
- hCG and Metabolism in Older Men: Body Composition Changed, Insulin Sensitivity Did Not
- hCG With Oral Testosterone: A Retrospective Neutral Result Is Not Proven Noninferiority
- hCG, FSH and testosterone in a congenital hypogonadism pilot
- Highly Purified hMG Versus Recombinant FSH in ICSI: Efficiency Is Not Live Birth
- Historical hCG Preparations and Sperm Production: Product Activity Matters
- hMG and Follicular Steroidogenesis: A Donor Study's Population Boundary
- hMG Donor-Cycle Endocrine Study: More Oocytes and a Higher Mature Fraction Are Different
- HP-hMG Versus Recombinant FSH: Reading the Integrated Live-Birth Analysis
- Human Kisspeptin Brain Histology: Anatomical Contacts Are Not Direct Activity Measurements
- Inhibiting Kisspeptin Neurons in a Mouse Model of PCOS
- INSL3 During hCG Stimulation: A Candidate Marker Is Not a Validated Replacement
- Intranasal Kisspeptin-54 and Human Gonadotropin Responses
- Kisspeptin Across the Menstrual Cycle: A Pattern Is Not a Validated Ovulation Test
- Kisspeptin Across the Menstrual Cycle: Phase Was Part of the Response
- Kisspeptin After Frozen Embryo Transfer: Timing Changed Discrimination
- Kisspeptin and emotional processing in healthy volunteers
- Kisspeptin and Insulin in Healthy Men: Glucose Route and Appetite Results Matter
- Kisspeptin and Male HSDD: What the Acute Trial Measured
- Kisspeptin in Pancreatic Islets: The Cell Line and Intact Islets Responded Differently
- Kisspeptin in Women With HSDD: Interpreting Brain Imaging
- Kisspeptin Responsiveness After NK3R Blockade in PCOS
- Kisspeptin-10 and Sustained Hormone Responses in Healthy Men
- Kisspeptin-10 in Healthy Men: Pulse Frequency and Pulse Size
- Kisspeptin-10, Kisspeptin-54, and GnRH: A Direct Infusion Comparison Has Boundaries
- Kisspeptin-13 and Region-Specific Stress Signaling
- Kisspeptin-54 and Acute Anxiety Measures in Humans
- Kisspeptin-54 in Amenorrhea: An Acute Response That Diminished
- Kisspeptin-54 in PCOS: Ovulation Occurred in a Subset
- Kisspeptin-54 Infusion in Amenorrhea: Five Participants, Repeated Assessments
- Kisspeptin-54, Food-Cue Brain Responses, and Appetite
- Kisspeptin-8, Anxiety-Like Behavior, and Reduced Movement
- Kisspeptin's GnRH Clock Study: Inference from LH Measurements
- Long-Acting FSH With hCG: The Pretreatment Filter Changes the Population
- MEGASET-HR: Menotropin, Pregnancy Endpoints, and Transfer Strategy
- MVT-602: Early Trials of a Kisspeptin-Receptor Agonist
- Nasal Kisspeptin-54 and Mood-Related Behavior in Rats
- Placental Kisspeptin and Glucose Adaptation: Mouse Causality and Human Association Differ
- Plasma Kisspeptin and Insulin Secretion: An Observational Study
- PT-141 Plus Sildenafil in a Small Crossover Experiment
- Recombinant hCG in Older Men: Mass Changed, Function Did Not
- Recombinant Versus Urinary FSH: Why Nonsignificant Trends Are Not a Winner
- Recombinant Versus Urinary hCG in ICSI: Similar Estimates Are Not an Equivalence Design
- Recombinant Versus Urinary hCG: What the Three-Arm IVF Trial Actually Compared
- Repeated Kisspeptin-54 in Amenorrhea: Administration Frequency Changed Responsiveness
- Repeated Kisspeptin-54 in Healthy Women: Preserved Cycles Are Not Proof of Fertility Benefit
- Serial Kisspeptin in Early Pregnancy: Samples Are Not Independent Pregnancies
- Serial Kisspeptin Measurements in Very Early IVF Pregnancy
- Six-Week IVF Biomarkers: The Combined Model's Result Was Not a Kisspeptin Result
- The HP-hMG IVF Economic Model: Historical Cost-Effectiveness Is Not a Current Quote
- The Human KNDy Combination Study: More Components Did Not Mean More LH
- Triple Hormone Therapy in CHH: A Neutral Timing Result Still Matters
- Urinary FSH Plus hCG: Sperm Appearance and a Concentration Threshold Are Different
Pigmentation Research
- Afamelanotide and Liver Markers: Observational Changes Do Not Prove Liver Protection
- Afamelanotide and Vitamin D: More Light Tolerance Did Not Guarantee Higher Levels
- Afamelanotide With Phototherapy for Vitiligo: An Add-On Question
- Austrian Afamelanotide Cohort: Light-Tolerance Time Depends on Exposure Context
- Long-Term Afamelanotide Observations: Retention and Quality of Life Need Context
- Melanotan I Pharmacokinetics: Visible Effects Outlasted Measured Plasma Exposure
- Melanotan I With Ultraviolet Exposure: Pigmentation Is Not Proof of Long-Term Photoprotection
- Melanotan II Crossover Study: Injection-Level Responses Are Not Independent Patients
- Melanotan II's Three-Person Phase 1 Pilot
Cellular Aging Research
- Epitalon in a Chemically Induced Rat Colon-Tumor Model
- Epitalon in HER-2/neu Transgenic Mice
- Epitalon in Senescence-Accelerated Mice: Which Survival Measure Changed?
- Epitalon in SHR Mice: Mean Lifespan and the Last Survivors Differed
- Epitalon Telomere Cell Study and Its Figure Correction
- Epithalon's 2003 Fibroblast Report: Telomerase Activity Is Not Human Longevity
Glutathione and Related Compounds
- A Carnitine–Micronutrient Fertility Formula: The Mixture Is the Intervention
- A Glutathione Combination Supplement: Why Ingredient Attribution Matters
- Acetyl-L-Carnitine During Taxane Therapy: A Neuropathy Harm Signal
- Acetyl-L-Carnitine for Established Chemotherapy Neuropathy: A Small Uncontrolled Signal
- Acetyl-L-carnitine for migraine: a neutral randomized trial
- Acetyl-L-carnitine in MS fatigue: a trend below the evidence threshold
- Acetyl-L-carnitine versus amantadine: a fatigue pilot
- Acetyl-L-Carnitine Versus Methylcobalamin: Reading an Active-Control Trial
- Acetyl-L-Carnitine With Sagopilone: Neutral Overall Neuropathy Incidence
- Acetyllevocarnitine in Diabetic Neuropathy: A Better Composite, Not Every Component
- Alpha-linolenic acid plus L-carnitine: a combination migraine trial
- Buffered inhaled glutathione: an early cystic fibrosis pilot
- CARNIDIAL: Higher Carnitine Levels Did Not Improve Erythropoietin Responsiveness
- Carnitine and Leukocytes: An In-Vitro Signal Did Not Reappear in Dialysis Patients
- Carnitine Combination Therapy in a Small Motility Trial: A Neutral Finding
- Carnitine in ESA-Resistant Anemia: Selecting the Population Changes the Research Question
- Carnitine Pharmacometabolomics: A Discovered Threshold Needs Prospective Testing
- CEDIM 2: Early Mortality Was Secondary, the Six-Month Endpoint Was Neutral
- DIABASI: Acetyl-L-Carnitine Did Not Add a Blood-Pressure Benefit
- DMSO Bladder Instillations: Combination Treatment and Completer Analysis
- Glutathione and Peripheral Artery Disease: Exercise Responses Were Not Resting Responses
- GROW Oral Glutathione Trial: A Controlled Pediatric Study Without a Growth Benefit
- Inhaled Glutathione in Cystic Fibrosis: A Missed Primary Target
- Inhaled Glutathione in Cystic Fibrosis: Delivery Without Demonstrated Clinical Benefit
- L-Carnitine and CoQ10 in OAT: Completion Rates and Direct Comparisons Matter
- L-Carnitine for Persistent Thyroid-Related Fatigue: The Scales Did Not Agree
- L-Carnitine in Cirrhosis: A Small Trial of Ammonia and Psychometric Tests
- L-Carnitine in Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy: Within-Group Improvement Was Not Superiority
- L-carnitine in dialysis: preserving function is not the same as building muscle
- L-Carnitine in Metabolic Syndrome: Neutral Plaque Volume With a Concerning Stenosis Signal
- L-Carnitine in Mild or Moderate Hepatic Encephalopathy: Biomarkers and Cognitive Testing
- L-Carnitine Plus CoQ10: Four Arms, Different Fertility Endpoints
- L-Carnitine Versus Acetyl-L-Carnitine in a Motility Trial: Keep the Arms Separate
- Levocarnitine in Septic Shock: Reading the RACE Decision Rule
- Levocarnitine's Septic-Shock Pilot: Why a Small Survival Signal Needed Confirmation
- Liposomal Glutathione Pilot: Randomization Between Doses Is Not a Placebo Control
- Magnesium and L-carnitine: interpreting a four-group migraine study
- Micellar Glutathione Pharmacokinetics: Dose Normalization and Registration Timing
- MOXI: A Carnitine-Containing Antioxidant Mixture Did Not Improve Key Fertility Measures
- Oral Glutathione and Melanin Index: Six Sites, Different Results
- Oral Glutathione in Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis: Growth Metrics Matter
- Oral L-carnitine in dialysis: mixed markers and neutral quality of life
- Orobuccal Glutathione: What an Acute Blood-Response Experiment Shows
- The Original CEDIM Trial: Ventricular Size and Ejection Fraction Diverged